Probability of ionization of sputtered particles as a function of their energy: Part I: Negative Si− ions

In this study we have investigated how the probability of ionization of sputtered Si atoms to form negative ions depends on the energy of the atoms. We have determined the ionization probability from experimental SIMS energy distributions using a special experimental technique, which included de-convolution of the energy distribution with an instrumental transmission function, found by separate measurements. We found that the ionization probability increases as a power law ∼E0.677 for particles sputtered with energies of 0–10 eV, then becomes a constant value (within the limits of experimental error) for particles sputtered with energies of 30–100 eV. The energy distributions of Si− ions, measured under argon and cesium ion sputtering, confirmed this radical difference between the yields from low and high-energy ions. To explain these results we have considered ionization mechanisms that are different for the low energy atoms (<10 eV) and for the atoms emitted with higher energy (>30 eV).