Advanced cycles and replacement working fluids in heat pumps

Heat pumps will continue to make a strong positive contribution to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions associated with energy production. They are energy efficient under certain conditions and also cost effective (especially when displacing electric heating). It is this problem of cost effectiveness that affects market penetration and limits their use. One method of improving the payback period is by improving the efficiency so as to increase the energy savings, and thus the cost savings. This also has, of course, a positive effect on the environment. This paper examines a number of alternative fluids and systems in an attempt to improve performance of heat pumps for both space heating and industrial processes.