DMRG study of the ground state at higher Landau levels—stripes, bubbles and the Wigner crystal

Hartree–Fock theory predicted stripe or bubble phase in the third and higher Landau levels for two-dimensional electrons, and experimental evidence has been accumulated. In this paper theoretical confirmation of the stripe phase and bubble phase in higher Landau level is given by means of the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method, which can give essentially exact ground state for electron systems with up to 18 electrons. From the study of the pair correlation function, the stripe phase, bubble phase, and the Wigner crystal phase are identified, and a phase diagram is obtained. The reentrant integer quantum Hall state is identified as the bubble state. The phase diagram of the fourth Landau level shows more diversity than the third level.