Total Friction Loss along Multiple Outlets Pipes with Open End

This paper describes the derivation of the total direct and relative reduction factors for both discrete and continuous outflow along mixed service sections of close end multiple outlets pipes. Discrete outflow factors depend on the numbers of outlets along the section and the entire pipeline, while for continuous distribution there is no such dependence. Solutions for close end pipes are also derived. The total relative factors are related to those previously calculated total factors for close end pipes. The concept of "effectiveness" is presented here for close and open end pipes by taking into account the friction loss occurred downstream of the first outlet, resulting in both head and flow variation between that upstream outlet and the remaining outlets along the line. The dependence upon the extremity spacing is also considered. There are also proposed formulations for mixed factors for intermediate sections between two locations along a close end pipe.