Mixed convection heat transfer in inclined rectangular ducts with radiation effects

A numerical study was carried out to investigate the radiation effect on the characteristics of the mixed convection fluid flow and heat transfer in inclined ducts. The three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations and energy equation are solved simultaneously with the vorticity–velocity method. The integro-differential radiative transfer equation was solved by the discrete ordinates method. The effects of the thermal buoyancy and the radiative transfer on the distributions of the bulk fluid temperature, the friction factor and the Nusselt number are emphasized in detail. Results indicate that radiation effects have a considerable impact on the heat transfer and tend to reduce the thermal buoyancy effects. In addition, the development of the bulk fluid temperature is enhanced by the radiation effects.