Chlorination and characterization of natural rubber and its adhesion to nitrile rubber

Chlorinated natural rubber (CNR) vulcanized sheets were prepared by immersing the NR sheets in sodium hypochlorite solution for various chlorination times ranging from 0 to 30 min. The degree of chlorination as indicated by X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) implied that the chlorine content increases with the chlorination time from 0 to 10 min then levels off. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) showed an evolution of the surface roughness and stiffness. These two properties increased gradually with chlorination time. The bond strength between CNR and nitrile rubber (NBR) also increased gradually. The data showed cohesive failure beginning at 1 min and extending throughout the 30 min of the study. The maximum peel strength was found at 1 min of chlorination time and decreased afterwards. The decrease in peel strength was caused by the increase in surface stiffness of NR that acted as weak boundary layer. The surface stiffness governed the peel strength between NR and NBR.