Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Alzheimerʹs β-Amyloid Protofilaments

Filamentous amyloid aggregates are central to the pathology of Alzheimerʹs disease. We use all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with explicit solvent and multiple force fields to probe the structural stability and the conformational dynamics of several models of Alzheimerʹs β-amyloid fibril structures, for both wild-type and mutated amino acid sequences. The structural models are based on recent solid state NMR data. In these models, the peptides form in-register parallel β-sheets along the fibril axis, with dimers of two U-shaped peptides located in layers normal to the fibril axis. Four different topologies are explored for stacking the β-strand regions against each other to form a hydrophobic core. Our MD results suggest that all four NMR-based models are structurally stable, and we find good agreement with dihedral angles estimated from solid-state NMR experiments. Asp23 and Lys28 form buried salt-bridges, resulting in an alternating arrangement of the negatively and positively charged residues along the fibril axis that is reminiscent of a one-dimensional ionic crystal. Interior water molecules are solvating the buried salt-bridges. Based on data from NMR measurements and MD simulations of short amyloid fibrils, we constructed structural models of long fibrils. Calculated X-ray fiber diffraction patterns show the characteristics of packed β-sheets seen in experiments, and suggest new experiments that could discriminate between various fibril topologies.