Three-dimensional Structure of Iminodisuccinate Epimerase Defines the Fold of the MmgE/PrpD Protein Family

Iminodisuccinate (IDS) epimerase catalyzes the epimerisation of R,R-, S,S- and R,S- iminodisuccinate, one step in the biodegradation of the chelating agent iminodisuccinate by Agrobacterium tumefaciens BY6. The enzyme is a member of the MmgE/PrpD protein family, a diverse and little characterized class of proteins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. IDS epimerase does not show significant overall amino acid sequence similarity to any other protein of known three-dimensional structure. The crystal structure of this novel epimerase has been determined by multi-wavelength diffraction to 1.5 Å resolution using selenomethionine-substituted enzyme. In the crystal, the enzyme forms a homo-dimer, and the subunit consists of two domains. The larger domain, not consecutive in sequence and comprising residues Met1–Lys266 and Leu400–Pro446, forms a novel all α-helical fold with a central six-helical bundle. The second, smaller domain folds into an α + β domain, related in topology to chorismate mutase by a circular permutation. IDS epimerase is thus not related in three-dimensional structure to other known epimerases. The fold of the IDS epimerase is representative for the whole MmgE/PrpD family. The putative active site is located at the interface between the two domains of the subunit, and is characterized by a positively charged surface, consistent with the binding of a highly negatively charged substrate such as iminodisuccinate. Docking experiments suggest a two-base mechanism for the epimerisation reaction.