A simple isotropic-distortional hardening model and its application in elastic–plastic analysis of localized necking in orthotropic sheet metals

In the present work an elastic–plastic constitutive model including mixed isotropic-distortional hardening is presented. The approach is very simple and requires only experimental data that are part of the standard characterization of sheet metals. It is shown that the distortional hardening contribution can be of considerable importance for localized necking prediction in orthotropic sheet metals.