Inter-Oligomer Interactions of the Human Prion Protein Are Modulated by the Polymorphism at Codon 129

The common polymorphism at codon 129 in the human prion protein (PrP) has been shown in many studies to influence not only the pathology of prion disease but also the misfolding propensity of PrP. Here we used NMR, CD and atomic force microscopy in solution to investigate differences in β-oligomer (βO) formation and inter-oligomer interaction depending on the polymorphism at codon 129. NMR investigations assigned the observable amide resonances to the βO N-terminal segments, showing that it is the core region of PrP (residues 127–228) that is involved in βO formation. Atomic force microscopy revealed distinctive 1.8 × 15 × 15-nm disk-like structures that form stacks through inter-oligomer interactions. The propensity to form stacks and the number of oligomers involved depended on the polymorphism at codon 129, with a significantly lower degree of stacking for βO with valine at position 129. This result provides evidence for conformational differences between the βO allelic forms, showing that the core region of the protein including position 129 is actively involved in inter-oligomer interactions, consistent with NMR observations.