Electrical conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of internal phases occurring in multilayer ceramic structures

The electrical conductivity and thermal expansion coefficients of interfacial phases, PdPbO2, PdBi2O4, Pd(Pb), and Pd3Pb, have been studied. The interfacial reactions form low conductivity products, which result in discontinuity of the internal electrode. Besides, due to the volume change associated with the interfacial phase formation and wide variation in thermal expansions, physical defects may occur at the electrode–ceramic interfaces during processing.