Physiological tools for irrigation scheduling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): An open gate to improve water-use efficiency?

Grapevine is a traditionally non-irrigated crop that occupies quite an extensive agricultural area in dry lands and semi-arid regions. Recently, irrigation was introduced to increase the low land yield, but a good compromise between grape quality and yield is of major importance for the achievement of high-quality products as wine. Therefore, water-use-efficient irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation programs need to be developed to improve water-use efficiency, crop productivity and quality in semi-arid crops.