Hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone using ruthenium nanoparticles

The compound [Ru3(CO)12] was used as precursor for the preparation of ruthenium nanoparticles of a typical size of <5 nm of diameter, without the use of additives. Such nanoparticles catalyzed the hydrogenation and cyclization of levulinic acid to selectively produce γ-valerolactone in high yields, either using molecular hydrogen (H2) or formic acid in water as reducing agents.