Glass ceiling effect on womenʹʹs promotion to the higher managerial levels and ways to break it

In developed countries, the use of human resource is seen as a key factor to achieve development. Women constitute half of the active population in each country and the extent of their participation in managing community is an important measure of development. In our country, despite the fact that public participation in determining their fate has been emphasized and we are seeing womenʹs desire for more strong presence in the social fields, unfortunately, their participation in the managerial ranks, both micro and macro levels, is very negligible. This phenomenon, which is called glass ceiling, arises from multiple social, cultural, psychological, or political factors. This study aimed to explain the glass ceiling concept and factors affecting it and suggest ways to break it.