Portraits of gasses and liquids by arrays of nonspecific chemical sensors: trends and perspectives

This paper takes into consideration trends and perspectives of a variety of instrumentations currently called electronic noses (ENoses) and tongues (ETongues), today available at the development level in many research laboratories and are presented in the market. In particular, this instrumentation will be analyzed, considering both their main functional blocks, the operating conditions and the performances. ENoses and ETongues will be also seen as generators of new advanced research topics, which will bring us to foresee new applications.