Review of methodology for the determination of macrocyclic lactone residues in biological matrices

The macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are probably the anti-parasitic agents most widely used in the treatment of food producing animals, poultry, aquaculture and crops. Ivermectin was the first macrocyclic lactone product to be licensed for use about 20 years ago. A number of alternative products such abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, moxidectin, milbemycin and selamectin, have been marketed since. Because of the increase in the number of ML drugs, there has been a steady increase in the number of published analytical methods for determination of their residues. In this paper, the structure and properties of the different ML drugs available on the market are described. The occurrence and persistence of ML residues in food is discussed in relation to marker residues and current maximum residue limits (MRLs) as defined in the European Union (EU). Methodologies for determination of ML residues in biological matrices are described in terms of extraction and clean-up methods used for different matrices. Detection systems for determination of ML residues are discussed with a particular emphasis placed on new developments in screening technologies and liquid chromatography with fluorescence or mass spectrometry.