Upgrading of bio-oils over PdO/Al2O3 catalyst and fractionation

Bio-oil is an alternative source of renewable energy produced from the pyrolysis of different biomass. However, it is not an expedient automotive fuel due to its unfavorable nature (highly oxygenate/phenolic). Due to the presence of highly oxygenate compounds in the bio-oil, it is not possible to convert the bio-oil into transport fuel easily. To prevail over these physicochemical issues, hydro treatment (HT), and fractionation would be the possible upgrading method. Attempts have been made to upgrade the bio-oil by reduction/removal of oxygenate/phenolic compounds from the bio-oil by of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst and Hempel distillation.