A (k–ε) turbulence closure model for plant canopy flows

When the Navier–Stokes equation is ensemble averaged and then spatially averaged, two types of fluxes are produced: dispersive flux and Reynolds stress. In the present study, a (k–ε) turbulence model for plant canopy flows was formulated on the assumption that the dispersive flux was much less than the Reynolds stress. The results obtained using the present model and several other typical (k–ε) turbulence models for plant canopy flows were compared through eight experiments. The present model obtained the best agreement with measured data among these models.