Investigating the impact of heat demand reductions on Swedish district heating production using a set of typical system models

The European Union (EU) aims at reducing its CO 2 emissions and use of primary energy. The EU also aims to improve the energy efficiency in buildings and promote the use of combined heat and power (CHP) plants in district heating (DH) systems. Due to significant differences among DH systems regarding fuel use and heat production units, results for one individual DH systems are not generally valid for other DH systems. Therefore, there is a need to generally describe entire DH sectors in a way that considers the heat production plant merit-orders of the individual DH systems. Here, four models of typical DH systems are defined to represent the Swedish DH sector. A scenario for stepwise heat demand reductions due to building energy efficiency improvements is studied. The results show that heat demand reductions in Swedish DH systems generally reduce global CO 2 emissions and mainly reduce the use of biomass and fossil fuels, while the use of waste and industrial waste heat (IWH) is less influenced. The results further show that in order to maximise the reduction of CO 2 emissions by energy conservation in buildings, the heat production technologies of the DH system should be considered. A large share of CHP production with a high electricity-to-heat output ratio decreases the possibilities to reduce global CO 2 emissions through heat demand reductions.