Threshold performance of a spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane in the treatment of olive mill effluents from two-phase and three-phase extraction processes

A reverse osmosis (RO) treatment stage was examined for the complete depuration of the different effluents exiting the olive mill factories (OMW) working with diverse extraction procedures, that is, the two-phase and the three-phase extraction processes, respectively. In the present work, the modelization of batch RO purification of OMW by means of the relevant equations of the threshold flux theory for fouling control and plant dimension is addressed. Results show that higher threshold flux values (20.2–22.1% increase) and major feed recovery rates (80.2–85.0%) as well as very significant reduction of the long-term fouling index (27.3–52.7%) were achieved by using as pretreatment steps the following series of processes: pH-T flocculation, UV/TiO2 photocatalysis, UF and NF in series. This leads to both lower energy and capital costs, in particular a reduction of the required membrane area in case of batch membrane processes equal to 22.3–44.8%. Accurate prediction of the rejection behavior was attained by the used leaky solution-diffusion model in all cases, with reflection coefficients (σCOD) ranging from 0.86 to 1.0. The purified effluent streams are finally compatible with irrigation water quality standards (COD values below 1000 mg L−1).