Development of piezoelectric immunosensors for measurement of albuminuria

The development of piezoelectric immunosensors for human serum albumin (HSA) is reported. The piezoelectric crystals were modified either with monoclonal antibody AL-01 (direct assay) or with HSA (competitive assay). Measurements were carried out in the flow-through mode. Affinity interaction between albumin and the antibody was characterised. With immobilised antibody and HSA in solution, the kinetic association rate constant ka was 18 100 l mol−1 s−1 and the dissociation constant kd was 0.00369 s−1. For the opposite arrangement (immobilised HSA), a slower dissociation was observed, kd was 0.00085 s−1. A competitive assay for HSA was developed with working range of 1–5 μg ml−1 and a total time for one analysis equal to 17 min. Samples of urine were analysed after tenfold dilution. The developed system was successfully evaluated on real samples from diabetic patients and the obtained results correlated well with the standard reflectometric assay of proteins in urine.