Recent developments in homogeneous and dispersive liquid–liquid extraction for inorganic elements determination. A review

This review aims to provide an overview of homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction (HLLE) and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) methods and their potential use in inorganic analysis. Relevant applications to the determination of metal ions, metalloids and organometals are included. The phase separation mechanisms of these unconventional solvent extraction techniques are discussed. The new trends in the field of miniaturization and automation are presented, while proposing future trends and potential new areas for their application.