Inorganic–organic membranes based on Nafion, [(ZrO2)·(HfO2)0.25] and [(SiO2)·(HfO2)0.28] nanoparticles. Part II: Relaxations and conductivity mechanism

Two classes of hybrid inorganic–organic proton-conducting membranes consisting of Nafion and either [(ZrO2)·(HfO2)0.25] or [(SiO2)·(HfO2)0.28] nanofiller are investigated to elucidate their relaxations and conductivity mechanism and are labeled [Nafion/(ZrHf)x] and [Nafion/(SiHf)x], respectively. The membranes are studied by dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA) and broadband electric spectroscopy (BES). The latter technique allows a determination of the direct current ionic conductivity (σDC) and the proton diffusion coefficient ( D H + ) . Pulse-field-gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance experiments (PFGSE-NMR) are carried out to determine the water self-diffusion coefficients ( D H 2 O ) . D H + and D H 2 O are correlated to obtain insight on the conductivity mechanism of the proposed materials. Results indicate that the nanofiller particles play a major role in the proton conduction mechanism of the proposed materials. It is demonstrated that the basic [(ZrO2)·(HfO2)0.25] nanoparticles form Nafion–nanofiller dynamic cross-links with high ionic character. These cross-links improve the mechanical properties and enhance the overall proton conductivity of the membranes at low humidification levels owing to an efficient delocalization of the protons. In [Nafion/(SiHf)x] membranes, the dynamic cross-links occur due to dipole–dipole interactions between the side groups of the Nafion host polymer and the quasi-neutral [(SiO2)·(HfO2)0.28] nanoparticles. These cross-links significantly reduce the delocalization of the protons, which decreases the overall conductivity of materials.