A comparison of material models for the numerical simulation of spike-forging of a CrMoV alloy steel

Three different methods of representing the flow stress of a CrMoV alloy steel, tabular data, a four parameter Norton–Hoff material model and a multi-parameter set of unified constitutive equations, are investigated and compared using an FE model of the spike-forging process developed in the DEFORM-2D FE code. The form of the material models is discussed and the results of the spike-forging models using each of the material models is compared over a range of processing parameters highlighting where discrepancies occur between the models. Recommendations are made regarding the use of the different material models in forging modelling.