Work-hardening stages and deformation mechanism maps during tensile deformation of commercially pure titanium

Commercially pure titanium was tensile tested at different strain rates between 2.2 × 10−4 s−1 and 6.7 × 10−1 s−1 to characterize the strain rate dependence of plastic deformation and the dominating deformation mechanisms. From true stress-true plastic strain curves, three distinct work-hardening stages are identified. The work-hardening rate decreases linearly with increasing flow stress for all three stages and the work-hardening rate is the controlling factor for the transition between the different stages and mechanisms. During the initial stage (at lowest stresses) plastic deformation is carried mainly by dislocation slip, in the following stage (for moderate stresses), an abundance of 64.6 ∘ 〈 1 ¯ 0 1 0 〉 twin boundaries form indicating the dominance of { 1 1 2 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 2 3 〉 compression twinning. During the last stage before the onset of necking, additional 84.8 ∘ 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 0 〉 twin boundaries are detected caused by { 1 0 1 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 0 1 ¯ 1 〉 tensile twinning. Based on the microstructural findings and the strain rate sensitivity, deformation mechanism maps are constructed.