Simulation of swirling gas–particle flows using a DSM–PDF two-phase turbulence model

A DSM–PDF two-phase turbulence model, namely a Reynolds stress equation (DSM) model of gas turbulence combined with a probability density distribution function (PDF) equation model of particle turbulence, is proposed to simulate the swirling sudden-expansion gas–particle flows with swirl number of 0.47. The predicted axial and tangential gas and particle time-averaged velocities and RMS fluctuation velocities using the DSM–PDF and k–ε–kp models are compared with measurements reported in references. The results show that for weakly swirling flows both models can reasonably predict the mean-flow behavior, but the DSM–PDF model can better predict the anisotropy of two-phase turbulence and turbulence interaction between two phases, and hence may have the potential superiority in predicting strongly swirling flows.