A facile preparation of highly interconnected macroporous PLGA scaffolds by liquid–liquid phase separation II

A regular and well-interconnected macroporous (from 50 to 200 μm) poly(d,l-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold was fabricated by means of the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method. Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) was blended with PLGA to increase the viscosity of polymer solution; a block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with PLGA was added as a surfactant to decrease the interfacial tension between the polymer-rich and polymer-lean phases. The effect of TIPS parameters including the concentration of diblock copolymer and PLGA/PLLA ratio was also studied. The cloud-point curve shifted to higher temperatures with both increasing the PLLA composition in the PLGA/PLLA blend and the PEG contents in the additives (PEG itself and PEG–PLGA diblocks). This shifting to higher temperature increases the quenching depth during phase separation. Addition of a PEG–PLGA diblock copolymer (0.5 wt% in solution) to the PLGA/PLLA (1/1) blend polymer in a dioxane/water solution stabilized the morphology development during TIPS with respect to interconnection and macropores, and avoided segregation or sedimentation in the late stage.