Structure–process–property relationship of the polar graphene oxide-mediated cellular response and stimulated growth of osteoblasts on hybrid chitosan network structure nanocomposite scaffolds

We here describe the structure–process–property relationship of graphene oxide-mediated proliferation and growth of osteoblasts in conjunction with the physico-chemical, mechanical, and structural properties. Chitosan–graphene network structure scaffolds were synthesized by covalent linkage of the carboxyl groups of graphene oxide with the amine groups of chitosan. The negatively charged graphene oxide in chitosan scaffolds was an important physico-chemical factor influencing cell–scaffold interactions. Furthermore, it was advantageous in enhancing the biocompatibility of the scaffolds and the degradation products of the scaffolds. The high water retention ability, hydrophilic nature, and high degree of interconnectivity of the porous structure of chitosan–graphene oxide scaffolds facilitated cell attachment and proliferation and improved the stability against enzymatic degradation. The cells infiltrated and colonized the pores of the scaffolds and established cell–cell interactions. The interconnectivity of the porous structure of the scaffolds helps the flow of medium throughout the scaffold for even cell adhesion. Moreover, the seeded cells were able to infiltrate inside the pores of chitosan–graphene oxide scaffolds, suggesting that the incorporation of polar graphene oxide in scaffolds is promising for bone tissue engineering.