Cancer chemopreventive activity of naphthoquinones and their analogs from Avicennia plants

As a part of screening studies for cancer chemopreventive agents (anti-tumor promoters), six natural and four synthetic naphthoquinones and five of their analogs were tested for their inhibitory activities against Epstein–Barr virus early antigen activation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in Raji cells. Some of the 1,4-naphthoquinones and their analogs were found to show remarkably potent activities, without showing any cytotoxicity. 1,4-Furanonaphthoquinone (5) and its analog (9) isolated from Avicennia plants (Avicenniaceae), having an alcoholic OH group on the dihydrofuran-ring, displayed the most potent activity. Furthermore, avicenol-A (9) exhibited a marked inhibitory effect on mouse skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage carcinogenesis test. The result of the present investigation indicated that some of these 1,4-naphthoquinones and their analogs might be valuable as potent cancer chemopreventive agents.