Phase-encoding strategies for optimal spatial resolution and T1 accuracy in 3D Look–Locker imaging

The Look–Locker (LL) imaging method provides an accurate and efficient approach for mapping the spin-lattice relaxation time, T1. However, the same recovery of signal during LL image acquisition required to estimate T1 also results in unwanted modulation of k-space. This is particularly problematic with 3D LL imaging as the number of phase-encoding steps during the recovery interval (e.g., 16) increases in an effort to reduce imaging times. This modulation of k-space has the effect of introducing a point spread function (PSF), which can lead to either image blurring (if the earlier tip angles are assigned to the centre of k-space) or edge enhancement (if the earlier tip angles are assigned to the edges of k-space), thus corrupting T1 estimation, particularly for small objects. In this study, the PSF and its effect on the acquired images for four different interleaved phase-encode schemes (centric-in, centric-out, sequential and hybrid-sequential) are simulated for a range of T1, tip angle and 3D LL acquisition parameters expected in practice. It is shown by simulation and confirmed experimentally in phantoms that a hybrid sequential phase-encoding scheme reduces image blurring while maintaining T1 accuracy (∼2%) and precision (2%) over a range of object sizes down to 2 pixels (2 mm).