Costimulation via Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Induces in T Cells Increased Responsiveness to the CD28 Counter-receptor B7

Optional stimulation of CD4+ T cells in an immune response requires not only signals transduced via the CD3/TCR complex but also costimulatory signals delivered as a consequence of interactions between T-cell surface-associated costimulatory R and their counter-R on APC. CD28 plays a crucial role as a dominant costimulatory R during the induction of CD4+ T-cell proliferation by interacting with counter-R B7 on APC to sustain IL-2 production. The absence of CD28-mediated costimulation has been postulated to result in T-cell anergy or unresponsiveness. The costimulatory effects of CD28 can be generated with its natural counter-R B7 or mAb directed at CD28. Using soluble Cγ 1 chimeras of B7, ICAM- 1, and VCAM-1, we have recently shown that B7 costimulates TCR-dependent proliferation of Ag-primed CD4+ T cells more efficiently than that of resting nonactivated CD4+ T cells. In contrast, proliferation of resting CD4+ T cells can be efficiently costimulated by either ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 via interactions with their R D11A/CD18 (LFA-1/β2 integrin) and CD29/CD49d (VLA-4/β1 integrin, respectively. TCR-directed preactivation of resting CD4+ T cells with ICAM-1 can induce increased responsiveness to B7 costimulation. In this study, we show that prior TCR-directed activation of resting CD4+ T cells with VCAM-1 induced increase responsiveness to B7 costimulation. VCAM-1 also synergized with B7 to bring about supraoptimal proliferation of CD4+ T cells. In addition, costimulation of resting T cells with VCAM-1 significantly increased not only surface expression of CD28 but also CD28-mediated mobilization of intracellular free [Ca+2]i. Similar activation of T cells with fibronectin also resulted in increased B7 responsiveness, suggesting the involvement of VLA-4 molecule. VCAM-1 costimulation induced hyperresponsiveness to B7 costimulation in both CD18+ (normal) and CD18- (leukocyte adhesion deficient) T cells. Thus, VCAM-1 may play an important costimulatory role during the activation of resting T cells and, by augmenting responsiveness to B7, facilitate optimal development or immunological memory in addition to various regulatory and effector functions.