Hydrogen evolution by templated cadmium indate nanoparticles under natural sunlight illumination

Carbon-doped cadmium indate (CdIn2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol–gel templating method using the block co-polymer surfactant Pluronic F127 and evaluated for hydrogen generation activity under artificial and natural solar illumination. Each catalyst powder was loaded with platinum as a cocatalyst in order to promote charge carrier separation. BET surface area measurements indicated an increase in surface area with F127 introduction of up to 5 times the area of the non-templated sample. Natural sunlight illumination experiments showed the hydrogen evolution rate of CdIn2O4 was 17 μmol h−1 as compared to 2.1 μmol h−1 for the Pt:TiO2 reference material. The H2 rate was determined to be similar under both stirring and non-stirring conditions for the CdIn2O4 catalyst, which resulted from 10 min irradiation exposure times. Laboratory experiments confirmed this effect and showed that at longer, out to 60 min, irradiation times the evolution rate was 3 times greater for stirred over non-stirred samples. The templated nanoparticle CdIn2O4 catalysts are promising for solar hydrogen conversion.