Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment

Pyrolysis of rice straw to create biochar for soil amendment appears to be a promising method to address concerns with regard to improving soil fertility, increasing Carbon storage and decreasing Green House Gas emissions. However, the ability of rice straw-derived biochar to affect these factors might vary depending on its characteristics. It is therefore essential to investigate the properties before large-scale application of rice straw-derived biochar. In this study, rice straw-derived biochars produced at different temperatures (300, 400, 500, 600 & 700 °C) and residence time (1, 2, 3 & 5 h) were characterized using a suite of analytical techniques. Results showed that pyrolysis temperature had a greater influence than residence time on the chemical composition and structure of rice straw-derived biochar produced at low heating rate. The rice straw-derived biochars especially produced at 400 °C had high alkalinity and cation exchange capacity, and high levels of available phosphorus and extractable cations. These properties indicate potential application of rice straw-derived biochar as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that higher pyrolysis temperatures promote condensation reactions. Rice straw-derived biochars contained turbostratic crystallites at 400 °C, and displayed a high level of aromatization at 500 °C. Increasing charring temperature will increase the aromaticity of biochar, and might include its recalcitrance.