Degradation of piperazine by Paracoccus sp. TOH isolated from activated sludge

Piperazine is widely used as an intermediate in the manufacture of insecticides, rubber chemicals, corrosion inhibitors, and urethane. In this study, a highly effective piperazine-degrading bacteria strain, TOH, was isolated from the acclimated activated sludge of a pharmaceutical plant. This strain, identified as Paracoccus sp., utilises piperazine as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy for growth. The optimal pH and temperature for the growth of TOH were 8.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The effects of co-substrates and heavy metals on the degradation efficiency of piperazine were investigated. The results indicated that exogenously supplied glucose promoted the degradation of piperazine, while the addition of ammonium chloride slightly inhibited piperazine degradation. Metal ions such as Ni2+ and Cd2+ inhibited the degradation of piperazine, whereas Mg2+ increased it. In addition, metabolic intermediates were identified by mass spectrometry, allowing a degradation pathway for piperazine to be proposed for the first time.