Non-linear relationships between growth opportunities and debt: Evidence from quoted Portuguese companies

This paper analyses the relationship between growth opportunities and debt of quoted Portuguese companies using various panel estimators. The results show a cubic relationship between growth opportunities and debt. When companiesʹ growth opportunities are low and high, the relationship between growth opportunities and debt is positive. For intermediate levels of growth opportunities, the results show the existence of a negative relationship between growth opportunities and debt. These results suggest that the relationship between companiesʹ growth opportunities and debt is influenced by complex aspects in companiesʹ capital structure decisions. The empirical results suggest that creditors recognize high growth opportunities when such opportunities exist, and debt is a way to discipline managersʹ actions in the presence of low investment opportunities. For intermediate levels of growth opportunities, the subinvestment problems seem to be relevant in explaining the relationship between growth opportunities and debt.