Ecological indicators of nutrient enrichment, freshwater wetlands, Midwestern United States (U.S.)

Vegetation and soil indicators of nutrient condition were evaluated in 30 wetlands, 10 each in 3 Nutrient Ecoregions (NE) (VI-Corn Belt and Northern Great Plains, VII-Mostly Glaciated Dairy Region, IX-Temperate Forested Plains and Hills) of the Midwestern United States (U.S.) to identify robust indicators for assessment of wetland nutrient enrichment and eutrophication. Nutrient condition was characterized by surface water inorganic N (NH4-N, NO3-N) and P (PO4-P) concentrations measured seasonally for 1 year, plant available and total soil N and P, and aboveground biomass, leaf N and P and species composition of emergent vegetation measured at the end of the growing season. Aboveground biomass, nutrient uptake and species composition were positively related to surface water NH4-N (N) but not to PO4-P or NO3-N. Aboveground biomass and biomass of aggressive species, Typha spp. plus Phalaris arundinacea, increased asymptotically with surface water N whereas leaf P, senesced leaf N and senesced leaf P increased linearly with N. And, species richness declined with surface water N. Soil total P was positively related to surface water PO4-P but it was the only soil indicator related to wetland nutrient condition. Individual regressions for each NE generally were superior to a single regression for all NEs. In NE VI (Corn Belt), few indicators were related to surface water N because of the high degree of anthropogenic disturbance (85% of the landscape is cleared) as compared to NEs VII and IX (24–53% cleared). Of the indicators evaluated, stem height (r2 = 0.42 for all NEs, r2 = 0.56 for NE VII + IX) and percent biomass of aggressive species, Typha spp. plus Phalaris, (r2 = 0.46 for all NEs, r2 = 0.54 for NE VII + IX), were the best predictors of wetland nutrient enrichment. Vegetation-based indicators are a promising tool for assessment of wetland nutrient condition but they may not be effective in NEs where landscape disturbance is intense and widespread.