Pattern formation of cytochrome c by microcontact printing and dip-pen nanolithography

We report the results of fabricating micrometer and submicrometer-scale patterns of cytochrome c on gold surfaces. We used direct micro-contact printing (μCP) and indirect dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) for fabricating cytochrome c arrays. The protein dots were formed in diameters of 2 μm by μCP and of ∼200 nm by DPN, respectively. We analyzed the pattern size and height of protein arrays with atomic force microscopy (AFM). We expect that these methods will be potentially useful for developing small-scale biosensors and protein chip microarrays.