Modified Au nanoparticles-imprinted sol–gel, multiwall carbon nanotubes pencil graphite electrode used as a sensor for ranitidine determination

A new, simple, and disposable molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the determination of ranitidine was developed on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The PGEs were coated with MWCNTs containing the carboxylic functional group (f-MWCNTs), imprinted with sol–gel and Au nanoparticle (AuNPs) layers (AuNP/MIP-sol–gel/f-MWCNT/PGE), respectively, to enhance the electrodeʹs electrical transmission and sensitivity. The thin film of molecularly imprinted sol–gel polymers with specific binding sites for ranitidine was cast on modified PGE by electrochemical deposition. The AuNP/MIP-sol–gel/f-MWCNT/PGE thus developed was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and CV. The interaction between the imprinted sensor and the target molecule was also observed on the electrode by measuring the current response of 5.0 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] solution as an electrochemical probe. The pick currents of ranitidine increased linearly with concentration in the ranges of 0.05 to 2.0 μM, with a detection limit of (S/N = 3) 0.02 μM. Finally, the modified electrode was successfully employed to determine ranitidine in human urine samples.