Two cell wall Kunitz trypsin inhibitors in chickpea during seed germination and seedling growth

Two Kunitz trypsin inhibitors TPI-1 and TPI-2, encoded by CaTPI-1 and CaTPI-2, previously identified and characterized, have been detected in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) embryonic axes from seeds imbibed up to 48 h. Their gene transcription commenced before germination sensu stricto was completed. The transcript amount of CaTPI-1 remained high until 24 h after imbibition, when the epicotyls started to grow, while CaTPI-2 mRNA, which appeared later, reached a maximum at 48 h. Both the temporal and the spatial distribution of TPI-1 and TPI-2 proteins in the embryonic axes suggest that they perform different functions. The early appearance of TPI-1 in imbibed seeds suggests that it plays a protective role, preventing the premature degradation of the proteins stored in the embryonic axes. Its pattern of distribution suggests that the protein is involved in the regulation of vascular tissue differentiation, protecting the cells from some proteinases involved in programmed cell death. With regard to TPI-2, its later synthesis after imbibition, together with its tissue distribution, indicates that it is mainly active following germination, during elongation of the embryonic axes.