Oral immunisation of pigs with fimbrial antigens of enterotoxigenic E. coli: an interesting model to study mucosal immune mechanisms

The intestinal mucosal immune system can discriminate actively between harmful pathogenic agents and harmless food antigens resulting in different immune responses namely IgA production and oral tolerance, respectively. Recently, a pig model has been developed for studying intestinal mucosal immune responses in which F4 fimbrial antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4 ETEC) are used as oral antigens. A unique feature of this model is that soluble F4 antigens can be administered to pigs which have a receptor for this fimbriae (F4R+) on their small intestinal villous enterocytes and pigs which do not have this receptor (F4R−). Oral administration of F4 to the F4R+ pigs results in an intestinal mucosal immune response that completely protects the pigs against a challenge infection. In F4R− pigs such an intestinal mucosal immune response does not occur. However, a priming of the systemic immune system can be seen similar to the priming in pigs fed with the same dose of a food antigen, suggesting that F4 in F4R− pigs behaves as a food antigen. The fact that different mucosal immune responses can be induced with soluble F4, makes it an interesting model to study mucosal immune mechanisms in the pig.