Impulsive plunging wave breaking downstream of a bump in a shallow water flume—Part II: Numerical simulations

Part II of this two-part paper presents the simulation results of the plunging wave-breaking generated by impulsive flow over a submerged bump fixed in a shallow water flume using the exact experimental initial and boundary conditions provided in Part I of this study. The overall plunging wave breaking process is described with major wave breaking events identified: jet plunge, oblique splash and vertical jet. These major events repeat up to four times before entering the chaotic breaking phase. The plunging wave breaking process of the simulations shows a similar time line as the experiments consisting of startup, steep wave formation, plunging wave, and chaotic wave breaking swept downstream time phases. Wave breaking profile, air entrainment, velocity, vorticity, flume bottom pressure, and energy are analyzed and compared with the experimental results. The simulations qualitatively predict all four time phases, all four plunging events and their sub-events. The wave profile and location at the maximum height is very close to the experiment results. The flume flow and velocity demonstrate the same flow trend as the experiments but with reduced velocity magnitudes. The simulations show similar bottom pressure to the experiments but with large oscillations, and the post-breaking water elevations are larger as compared to the experimental results.