Estimation of variance components in the mixed effects models: A comparison between analysis of variance and spectral decomposition

The mixed effects models with two variance components are often used to analyze longitudinal data. For these models, we compare two approaches to estimating the variance components, the analysis of variance approach and the spectral decomposition approach. We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the two approaches to yield identical estimates, and some sufficient conditions for the superiority of one approach over the other, under the mean squared error criterion. Applications of the methods to circular models and longitudinal data are discussed. Furthermore, simulation results indicate that better estimates of variance components do not necessarily imply higher power of the tests or shorter confidence intervals.