Arnold circulation and multi-optimal dynamic controlling mechanisms in dragonfly wings

This paper aims to reveal the multi-optimal mechanisms for dynamic control in dragonfly wings. By combining the Arnold circulation with such micro/nano structures as the hollow inside constructions of the pterostigma, veins and spikes, dragonfly wings can create variable mass, variable rotating inertia and variable natural frequency. This marvelous ability enables dragonflies to overcome the contradictory requirements of both light-weight-wing and heavy-weight-wing, and displays the multi-optimal mechanisms for the excellent flying ability and dynamic control capacity of dragonflies. These results provide new perspectives for understanding the wingsʹ functions and new inspirations for bionic manufactures.