The plume of the Rhone: numerical simulation and remote sensing

The plume of the Rhone (western Mediterranean) is studied with the help of a three-dimensional ocean model using primitive equations. Particular attention is paid to the wind forcing. Three simulations of realistic cases, using wind and river discharge measurements, are described. Satellite observations of the plume make it possible to assess the quality of the numerical simulation in each case. The analysis of circulation enables an evaluation of the characteristic time scales of deformations in the plume during changes in wind conditions and also highlights the high sensitivity of the plume to the surrounding circulation, dominated by coastal currents associated with upwelling and downwelling motions induced by the northwest and southeast winds. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd