Validation of hydrological models: Conceptual basis, methodological approaches and a proposal for a code of practice

In this paper, we discuss validation of hydrological models, namely the process of evaluating performance of a simulation and/or prediction model. We briefly review the validation procedures that are frequently used in hydrology making a distinction between scientific validation and performance validation. Finally, we propose guidelines for carrying out model validation with the aim of providing agreed methodologies to efficiently assess model peculiarities and limitations, and to quantify simulation performance.