Emitter based approach for estimation of nodal out ow to pressure deficient water distribution networks under pressure management

The hydraulic network solver simulates the behavior of a water distribution network for a given set of geometric and hydraulic parameters, such as pipe length, pipe diameter, tank size, pump capacity, demand, and pipe roughness, etc. Over the years, many researchers have developed a number of hydraulic simulation models (software) for the analysis and design of water distribution networks, most of which are based on Demand Driven Analysis (DDA). This paper reviews the existing approaches and examines the usefulness of the emitter feature that is available in the hydraulic network solver (EPANET) as a tool for the pressure driven model. The emitter based method determines the possible supply at all decient nodes, based on the availability of energy at that node by introduction of an emitter. This method, along with three existing approaches, has been applied to three benchmark networks, and important ndings from the study, in terms of convergence and numerical results, are presented. The framework of the head- ow based approaches and the proposed method is carried out using the toolkit feature available in the EPANET hydraulic solver.