Wind-blown origin of the Pliocene red clay formation in the central Loess Plateau, China

In order to determine the depositional processes of the Pliocene red clay formation deposited directly beneath the Plio–Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau, four red clay sections spanning over 400 km are studied. Grain size analysis of closely spaced samples in the sections shows that the particles of the red clay are very fine with the sand fraction (>63 μm) being negligible, and that all the curves indicating changes in different grain size parameters have a similar pattern. The grain size records in the upper part of the four sections are almost identical with the median grain size centered at 4–8 μm. The REE patterns of 28 samples from the Jiaxian red clay section are all characterized by LREE enrichments, relatively flat HREE and slight negative Eu anomaly, being similar to those of eolian loess and the average upper continental crust. These lines of evidence point to a wind-blown origin of the red clay deposits. Accumulation of the loess–soil sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau during the past 2.6 Ma can be therefore regarded as the continuation of the Pliocene atmospheric dust deposition. Observations of spatial grain size changes in the Loess Plateau suggest that the eolian red clay might be transported mainly by the westerlies, differing significantly from the overlying loess that was transported essentially by the East-Asia winter monsoonal winds.