Effects of nanoscale exsolution in hematite–ilmenite on the acquisition of stable natural remanent magnetization

To investigate the acquisition mechanism of high and stable natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in rocks of the Russell Belt, Adirondack Mountains, New York, we examined the exsolution microstructures and compositions of magnetic minerals using three samples with different magnetic properties. The samples contain titanohematite with ilmenite lamellae, end-member hematite without lamellae and rare magnetite as potential carriers for the NRM. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and element mapping by energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) of the titanohematite indicated that very fine ilmenite lamellae with a minimum thickness ∼2 nm are abundant between larger ilmenite lamellae a few hundreds of nanometers thick. The ilmenite lamellae and titanohematite hosts, with the compositions of Ilm90–100Hem10–0 and Ilm7–16Hem93–84, respectively, share (001) planes, and the abundant fine ilmenite lamellae have coherent, sharp structural and compositional interfaces with their titanohematite hosts. Comparison between samples shows that the magnetization is correlated with the amount of fine exsolution lamellae. These results are consistent with the lamellar magnetism hypothesis, suggesting that the acquisition of high and stable NRM is related to the interfacial area between fine ilmenite lamellae and their host titanohematite. End-member hematite with a multi-domain magnetic structure only contributes a minor amount to the NRM in these samples.