Thermally-driven mantle plumes reconcile multiple hot-spot observations

Hot-spots are anomalous regions of magmatism that cannot be directly associated with plate tectonic processes. They are widely-regarded as the surface expression of upwelling mantle plumes. Hot-spots exhibit variable life-spans, magmatic productivity and fixity. This suggests that a wide-range of upwelling structures coexist within Earthʹs mantle, a view supported by geochemical and seismic evidence, but, thus far, not fully-reproduced by numerical models. Here, results from a new, global, 3-D spherical, mantle convection model are presented, which better reconcile hot-spot observations, the key modification from previous models being increased convective vigor. Model upwellings show broad-ranging dynamics; some drift slowly, while others are more mobile, displaying variable life-spans, intensities and migration velocities. Such behavior is consistent with hot-spot observations, indicating that the mantle must be simulated at the correct vigor and in the appropriate geometry to reproduce Earth-like dynamics. Thermally-driven mantle plumes can explain the principal features of hot-spot volcanism on Earth.