Modelling of bioleach processes: Connection between science and engineering

This paper gives a brief introduction to the modelling of bioleach processes, developed from a careful analysis of the fundamental process steps at the gas–liquid, biological and mineral interfaces, and how these interact in a given reactor environment (tanks and heaps). The insights gained from such modelling work can guide both engineers in the optimisation of processes and scientist in directing their research at areas not yet well understood. From this perspective, some future directions of the bioleaching field are discussed.